Virginia Woolf’s work Mrs. Dalloway - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1458 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Virginia Woolf Essay Did you like this example? Virginia Woolf’s work ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ is a very diverse work which has a lot of ideas and topics to analyse and discuss. So, one of the most important issue in the novel is feminism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Virginia Woolf’s work Mrs. Dalloway" essay for you Create order A lot of scholars and literalists have debated on that question and is still unclear and does not show a determinate perspective on itself. She analyses the patriarchal English society in her novels, where she characterizes the kind of women in diverse contexts. She opened women’s eyes on their inferior status and provided them with a female tradition to rely on. She struggles to offer women the proper proofs for having a meaning in life. Hence, Woolf holds that such meaning would lead to a target in life, and consequently, it would create a modern and normal life. Virginia Woolf’s ‘Mrs. Dalloway’ was published in 1925 and she tends to write about a lot of themes and feminism is one of the most underlying topic. The story is about when Clarissa Dalloway threw a party and the novel tells about the preparing and the result of it. During this, she contemplates her life and feels that it is ordinary and petty. Woolf showed through this that the women’s lifestyle at that time is meaningless because of the constraints of them. A very implied but feminist tone can be perceived right from the beginning, when Clarissa goes out to purchase some flowers for her party and she instantly starts to imagine about Peter Walsh, with who she nearly got married. Taking under consideration her memories of conversation between herself and Peter the conclusion that even tough he loved her, he did not told Clarissa what he was feeling which can be explained with the fact that Peter had a lot of more important stuff to deal with, leaving her in the background. Clarissa remains thinking about the chance to have been married to Peter throughout the day. She is still imagining that her life would have been very different if not marry Richard, nevertheless the most deeply emotional and romantic memories belong to Sally Saton. However, she could not admit having a closeness to a same sex person, that is why it was hopeless to confess what she was feeling because it would have ruined her dignity and rooted her feelings of shame wh ich were inflicted upon her by the social standards of her time. Instead, she married Richard Dalloway which was supposed from her and apparently accepted a life of duty. At this point, she was a woman who had maintained her appearance and satisfied her social commitments, she was not expected to follow her heart wishes, she just had to be the woman who her man wanted her to be. Perhaps, she could not acknowledge that this life was not the one she was cherishing and was the cause of her deliberations throughout the day. Somehow, she repressed her true feelings and attempted to meet the demands of the age and society to her. It was really hard to hide what she felt but, as a woman, she had not much rights at this time so, she had no other possibility than accepting dependency and not to rebel against the implied social standards. The sense of a wife’s duty is also indicated in another character, Lucrezia Warren Smith, wife of Septimus Smith who is said to be Clarissa’s parallel character. Even though she loves her husband a lot, she feels the load of having to take care about Septimus who is diagnosed from a mental illness. Lucrezia thinks that she is in the role of continuous caregiver and begins to see her husband as less of a man. When Septimus dies, the whole story takes a little twist and it has a bit shocking repercussion on everyone, but especially on Clarissa. Firstly, she felt angry and kept rancour towards Lady Bradshaw, who destroyed the good atmosphere with that awful news. She wanted to keep away the hard word â€Å"death† from the party because her life felt so petite in comparison to that thought, a mere wife and just a party planner. Most women would have thought in that way. Eventually, she liked the thought, which made her feel even more alive, and permitted her to desire and feel happy about the feeling of being alive, and the things that she had, though in her current state of mind, her life could be summarized as trivial, barely a wife and party planner. The character of Clarissa is represented as a suppressed woman, but, in the novel, there are indications that some women were starting to take on roles of power, like Lady Bruton, who sometimes acted as a good leader. she had nobility, and everyone listened to her. She was able to do the kind of things that average people could not. It is very rare in the case of a woman because they are habitually for being led and not leading others, this situation could only occur at that time if the woman was in an influential position. Even though it may have happened in some cases, it was very strange and that is why it is awkward to be subservient to a woman. There is another character, which is supposedly a trait of the Virgin Mary, Virginity, and she â€Å"alone of all her sex† managed to defend, became a goal in the nineteenth-century for all women who were supposed to struggle to achieve. In this age, the woman was identified as a domestic animal, like if she was an angel who is completely unselfish, sympathetic and charming; a woman who has a family with some difficulties, so she has to sacrify herself every day. Besides, this vision of the woman can be related to Virgin Mary’s appearance, behaviour and humble approach to God. People in the nineteenth century believed women seemed to her. There are spotted two facts concerning Clarissa, however, distance her from the â€Å"angel type†, and restrain her from sanctification: her declared agnosticism (she did not believe in God) and the fact that her virginity is rendered an act of conscious choice. Her conscious denial of a male-centred sexuality imposed on her by patriarchal ideology, along with her inability to perform her wifely duties (characterized by Woolf as a â€Å"failure† on her part), render Clarissa’s virginity a far more complex issue. [11] Mrs. Dalloway’s virginity is sharply contrasted to her power to arouse fleshly desire in others. Peter Walsh, once a rejected lover of Clarissa’s, is still deeply attracted by her even though time has passed and many-many years have gone so far they loved each other so intensely. Miss Kilman, dedicated to religion, finds it difficult to control the flesh after her encounter with Mrs. Dalloway. Rather than being a sign of mere modesty, Clarissa’s virginity seems to be related to the ancient Greek and pagan notion of virginity as a sign of power and autonomy. However, the word â€Å"failure† is referring to Clarissa’s continuous fails to meet her husband’s demands and her duties towards him. It may be explained with Clarissa conscious option to reject men, and remain single being unconquered like an ancient pagan goddess or as a negative reflection of her to be normal in the question of sexuality. [12] The character of Miss Kilman is treated by the writer with exceptional ruthlessness. She describes her as a â€Å"monster†, ugly body, hair, no clothes suited her, she wore very simple and green cloth indeed, which made her nasty. Defined by a patriarchal society as a monster-woman, her consolation is not the religion which would keep balance and help to control the desire of flesh, but food. Sometimes it seemed that the only thing she lived for was food (except for Elizabeth). She is adverse of the maternal ideal. A mother offers her breast to her baby, tries to shelter the infant from every danger and rejects all of her wishes, push them back just to meet her child’s demand and valet the baby. As opposed to these, Miss Kilman is adverse in everything. She only wants to feed her hunger physically and mentally as well. She does not give, she takes. Miss Kilman is the â€Å"other† Madonna, the reverse side of the Virgin Mary’s image. She tries to achieve a birth in the other way round, as she wants to absorb Elizabeth. She wanted to make Elizabeth hers forever and never let her. [13] This behaviour rather more relates to a man than a women. She completely turned from the inside out somewhere in her life because it is not normal for a woman. Instead of being smooth and amiable she is wild and ruthless.

Personal Values And Professional Values - 917 Words

Personal values and professional values run parallel in the social work field. Recognizing and managing your personal values while working with clients is an important task. Concentrating on your professional values is required for a social worker to assist her client to the best of her ability. During my internship there have been a number of cases that I have had to practice managing my personal values. It has gotten a little easier the further I get into my internship recognizing my personal values when it comes to my clients. My social worker and I were called out to an investigation regarding a woman apparently living in a shed with her three children. During the investigation the social worker and I performed a safety checklist of the home (shed). The home did not possess a legal power source, water supply or indoor plumbing. Meanwhile, the checklist was performed within the home, as we stepped into the home, it was determined that the home was not the most conventional home. A lthough this family’s home was less than perfect the social worker and I advocated for the services to help this family stay together. As this investigation came to an end for the day, I talked to my supervisor about the case. I was surprised to learn that due to the fact that the family had access to all the resources their home did not have it was acceptable for the social worker to leave the children with their mother. The social worker informed the client she needed to make some changes toShow MoreRelatedPersonal Values And Professional Ethics1453 Words   |  6 Pagesethical dilemmas in the practice, and the decision-making process requires a separation form the personal values and professional ethics. One conflict that may arise while working with a client is keeping personal feelings and values separated from the professional role. 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Reviewing and examining my personal and professional values, I have to admit, there is nothing that surprised me. However, there is a lot that affirmed many of my beliefs. The values and beliefs to which I personally ascribe are undeniably impacted by my upbringing and social environment that I live in. They are the essence of who I am. My values influence every decision I make, how IRead MorePersonal Statement On Professional Values933 Words   |  4 Pageswellbeing of their son. The nurse should also respect that the parents are not willing to give up on their son and are desperate to try anything to save him. Professional Values Professional values are important to have so an individual and health care professionals are aware of what is expected of them. They are established by professional nursing organizations to help guide how a nurse should deliver patient care. Altruism Altruism focuses on the wellbeing of the patient. 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The core values adopted by all social workers, as distinguished by NASW, are service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationshipsRead MoreRecent Developments in the Professionalisation of Teaching Have Emphasised the Importance of Values. in the Light of Your Own Experience Examine the Extent to Which Personal Values Support or Conflict with Professional Objectives.3235 Words   |  13 PagesRecent developments in the professionalisation of teachin g have emphasised the importance of values. In the light of your own experience examine the extent to which personal values support or conflict with professional objectives. In this paper it will be necessary to look at what professionalisation and values are, what they mean, and if they have any relevance within teaching in todays Further Education system. To fully understand the above statement and explore it further, it is necessaryRead MoreProfessional Responsibility Of Coaches And Athletic Personnel792 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional Responsibility Coaches and athletic personnel are examples of ethical behavior in their personal and professional lives. They must have a clear perspective for their role and responsibility toward the organization, the team, and the athlete. Therefore, it is important to give consideration to the relationship between personal and professional responsibility; and also to whether there are limitations to loyalty to the organization or team. Personal and Professional ResponsibilityRead MoreProfessional Values and Ethics Paper1122 Words   |  5 Pages-1 Professional Values and Ethics Paper Rhonda Beron, Andrea De Los Santos, Emilie Goodman, and LaToya Sims GEN/200 August 16, 2010 Andrea Lara Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship among professional values, ethics, and career success. A person’s personal values and ethics can influence their professional values and ethics in the workplace. Finding the right balance between personal and professional views in the workplace will help foster a successful career

Year Stpauls College Free Essays

Institutions and personal experience In this report I will discuss the Impacts of Institutions. Len this report I will refer to the book raw and Shawano redemption and a poem Power structures. Institutions have many power structures tort example An Institution does not Just have one set power structure with all the rest equal. We will write a custom essay sample on Year Stpauls College or any similar topic only for you Order Now A power structure Is a person of higher power. For example you’re principal or the warden in jail. Students Raw by Scott Monk shows different levels of power structures in institutions. It shows the difference of a good power structure to help people. Tyson abuses his low phew kook raw shows that Tyson uses his size to taunt and bully the other kids on the farm. Tyson taunts Brett by calling him a pretty boy. Tyson thinks he has the power to do so. Shawano Redemption. The men are free. The power structures got them there. They learned from others mistakes and guidelines from the hierarchy. The men are free. The power structures got them there. They learned from others mistakes and guidelines from the hierarchy. Shawano by frank dartboard has a different power structure . He Jail warden is all about control discipline and underneath the Job as warden he is as irrupt as all the other convicts In the Jail. And was always being beaten up and never told any one until the higher power stepped in and stopped It. * The morning sun at the end * Driving into the sunset Rebellion and protest (response to institutionalizing) Rebellion and protest can be a response to institutionalizing. Institutionalizing is where the person in the institutio n becomes addicted to it and cannot live outside the Institution. Outside the Institution Is onto place for them, they have become institutionalized. Also a key part of Institutionalizing is because the institution revised safety, security and is a predictable place unlike the big wide world. These people that have become dependent on the institution cannot survive without the routine, strong boundary and decision making being made for them. Shawano In Shawano Redemption the character Brooks Heathen saw himself as someone, in prison he had a life there. He was being discharged and was not allowed to stay. Because of this he had to rebel. â€Å"This is the only way they’ll let me star (Shawano tofu Redemption). Prison was what en knew and en was Witt his trends. Brooks rebels by trying to take a life to stay in prison. He had to rebel, he had to become institutionalized. He did not want to leave because this was his home for his whole life. Because of the institutionalizing when Brooks left prison he saw himself as a minority and did not have the respect and love he got in the prison. And an old man can’t rebel or protest so he took his own life. Letters from an Institution By Michael Ryan Poem Letters from an institution by Michael Ryan â€Å"I’d like to push them each somewhere† the institution forces things upon the characters in the movie and the poem. He wants to rebel and push them away, they re hurting him. There is no starting again they are institutionalized. All they know is the institution. If they can’t flee or rebel, they â€Å"start to want to crazy’ they can’t live without the rules forced upon them. Because they are so used to it they start to enjoy it, it becomes an addiction. As Red said in Shawano even now he has left the prison he still has to have to ask to pips. He has done it his whole life and can’t stop now. Responsibilities of individuals within institutions The responsibilities of individuals within institutions is to fulfill the goal of institutions ideas. What we are looking at hear is the rehabilitation of individuals in institutions. Beret’s self-image impacts his whole time at the farm. After the continuous pressure from his parent’s and the police, Brett is lost and confused, he sees that he has no responsibilities and does not belong anywhere. Brett looked at his fists and they were swollen from too many fights, he shook his head. Brett realizes that it is his responsibility as an individual to change his life and do right. Before this point Brett does not want to be rehabilitated and does not see that he is responsible for his own actions. At the end of the book Brett see’s that it is not the institutions responsibility to change him but that it is his and only he can change if he wants. â€Å"Only you can help yourself† (Raw). When he drives off into the morning sun he realizes the new day, a new beginning to be responsible and to take the consequences as he makes mistakes. Shawano Redemption. Unlike Brett in Raw, Andy Defense was innocent when he was put in Jail. He knew from the start of his two life sentences what he wanted and knew exactly how to get it. Even though he was doubted by Red when he bought his rock hammer â€Å"waste of money if you ask me†. Also the fact that Andy knew what he had to do to make his life easier. He went with the flow and knew what he had to do to escape. Brett from Raw did not know what he wanted and did not think it was his responsibility. Impact on self-image Your own self-image is how you see yourself. This can be particularly bad if your opinion of yourself is bad. But the opposite if it is good. It is how you see yourself through others eyes. For example how you think you look and if you think you’re a DOD person or not. RAW Brett blames the world because he thinks everyone hates him. During the book Brett is pressured by obstacles along the way causing negative thoughts about himself and the world. â€Å"It’s nard work UT I b it’s honest money’ (Raw) because Brett HTH KS the world hates him he automatically thinks that Josh is implying that he is a thief when he says this. Josh shows Bret how he sees himself as this person and how he automatically thinks everybody else sees him as this. This impacted Beret’s self-image in a positive way. Letters from an Institution This poem reveals how the life has been sucked out the character. He has only one way of doing things, the institutional way. This way, in which people are trained and forced to do the one thing even if they don’t want to. â€Å"l pretend a lighthouse with a little man inside†. The character in the poem imagines himself as a free person. He has to dream because he has no other way of doing things. He sees himself as a sailor who tells old stories of the sea. He can’t be who he wants. The character from the poem is strapped to his bed tightly and is uncomfortable. He wants to be free but is bound by the beds and is incapable of being what he dreams about himself. He can only use his imagination now and it doesn’t matter what everybody else sees him s. So he â€Å"starts to like the needles† and he â€Å"starts to want to crazy’ (Letters from an Institution). After analyzing the texts Raw by Scott Monk, Shawano Redemption by Frank Dartboard and the Poem Letters from an Institution by Michael Ryan’, I found that every person has a different personal experience in institutions. This report has confirmed my thesis that I believe that every person can and will have different experiences of institution to institution based on the approach they take to the institution. This is seen in Raw when Brett accepts responsibility and starts to improve his behavior and self-image. How to cite Year Stpauls College, Papers

Effects on Employment & Sales In The Hospitality Industry And Business

Question: Describe about the Effects on Employment and Sales in the Hospitality Industry? Answer: Introduction to Research Method In the classic style of Krathwohl, the purpose of conducting this specific research lies on the effects of smoke free regulations on employment and sales in the hospitality industry. The significance of the research is determined by the substantial exposure of the hospitality workers to smoke and the considerable amount of risks involved in it e.g. high probability of lung cancer. According to Hyland et al. (2003), there are significant amount of dispute and debate that exist over the potential side effect of mandated smoke free zones on the economy of local hospitality industry. However, depending on the authors point of view based on critical study and analysis, it has been observed that smoke free regulations are in fact not bad for business. Need for the Study To be more precise, the considerable evidence that states that mandating these regulations on various business work sites or restaurants does not involve any adverse effect on hospitality industry economy and business. However, policy makers and business owners hesitate to implement such regulations saying that they are bad for doing business (Corbin Strauss, 2014). Therefore, the study purposefully aims at studying and assessing the impacts of implementing smoke free regulations on taxable sales and employment on several hotels and restaurants in New York States that have implemented smoke free policies; so as to uncover the pros and cons of such regulations on business as a whole. Description of the Research Theory The argument that exists among policy makers on changes in employment levels after implementation of smoke free policies necessitates adequate information about the accurate effects in their jurisdiction. The research has been conducted following the theory of experimental design involving one or more dependent variable which is mainly affected or influenced by two or more independent variable that reacts on the dependent variable (Gelso, 2006). This particular research methodology described my Krathwohl provides a model or research design that aims to thoroughly study the research topic based on a specific set of pre-defined research questions, research objectives or hypothesis (Pickard, 2012). Using this model as the conceptual framework, the research is executed or conducted in a step by step process. Dependent variables for this study have been identified as employment levels and taxable sales; whereas independent variable is smoke free regulations. Based on this conceptual model , the measures of sales and employment on different restaurants and hotels are assessed so as to analyze the results before and after implementing the smoke free regulations. Therefore, this particular research theory has been able to properly shape the study by providing a solid guideline to proceed through the experiment. Description of the Problem This particular study is focused on analyzing the issues regarding the actual effects of smoke free regulations on the employment and sales levels in the hospitality business. Despite there being adequate amount of proof that these regulations do not hold any adverse effects on business, most of the business owners and policy makers hesitate to apply such rules because of their belief that implementing such regulations is bad for business. Significant amount of health benefits have been observed by applying these rules, but still there are considerable debate about the potential effects on sales and economy of hospitality industry (Creswell, 2013). Purpose of the Study The purpose of conducting this study is to analyze the impacts of implementing smoke free regulations on the taxable sales and employment levels on business, more specifically the hospitality industry. There are significant amount of debate and controversy exists on the adverse effects of applying these rules and negative changes in the employment levels. Due to this belief, policy makers and business owners do not want to implement smoke free rules in their jurisdictions (Merriam, 2014). Research Questions The research questions for this research are identified as follows: What are the changes in sales and employment levels in hospitality business that implemented smoke free regulations? What are the per capita taxable sales and retail sales in restaurants with smoke free jurisdictions? What are the levels of employment in restaurants and hotels that have implemented smoke free venues? These above mentioned research questions underpin the study by setting out to answer the questions addressed. Corresponding Research Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: The changes in sales and employment levels in hospitality business that implemented smoke free zones. The research hypothesis considers the different aspects of sales and employment levels in hotel and restaurants, particularly in five of the smoke free jurisdictions in New York State. For this purpose, the dependent variable is identified to be the taxable sales and the employment level in these specific smoke free venues that are assessed before and after the implementation of such regulations. Hypothesis 2: The assessment of per capita taxable sales and fraction of retail sales in hotels and restaurants that include smoke free jurisdiction. The study attempts to compare the sales and employment outcomes both before and after the regulations became effective. Thereby, the study presents data from initial implementation period. For this particular purpose the independent variables namely, unemployment rate, season, time and presence or absence of smoke free law are addressed. Hypothesis 3: The levels of employment in restaurants and hotels that have implemented smoke free venues. This particular research hypothesis is targeted to uncover the changes over one year on the per capita taxable sales as well as retail sales and employment levels in eating and drinking places on five jurisdictions (Marshall Rossman, 2014). A regression based analysis is conducted to measure the changes over a period of one year. Figure: Research Framework (Source: Created by the Author) Research Methodology The qualitative approach has been chosen research methodology for this particular study. it specifically involves several data sources that are to be studied in order to obtain relevant information about the research topic (Dane, 2011). The research method is reliable in this particular context, as it helps collecting important information from primary and secondary data sources. The qualitative approach collects primary data about employees from restaurants and hotels obtained from each of the five selected countries of New York State Department of Labor that implements smoke free law (Mitchell 2012). Therefore, the method chosen for this particular study is properly justified as it effectively helped in gathering information e.g. per capita sales and employment detail outcomes from the five smoke free venues and thereby analyze and assess the changes in level over one year after the law became effective. Research Design The research design underpins the framework designed for executing the research. In this context, descriptive research design has been utilized for properly assessing the results and outcomes of the examination of collected data from the data sources (Maxwell, 2012). Therefore, selection of descriptive research design is well suited for this topic of study as it efficiently depicts the responses or results in an accurate measure. Analysis on Krathwohls Statement The research execution is a step by step process that includes choosing a well suited research methodology and research design so as to be able to develop the research framework. The research framework includes identifying the dependent and independent variables for analyzing the influences or effects. Therefore, the statement by Krathwohl is very much applicable in this scenario as it provides an accurate guide to take the study in the proper direction, following the research phases chosen for this particular study (Krathwohl, 2009). For example, this particular study requires identifying the research hypothesis or questions that provide a base to conduct the study. Furthermore, the chosen method aims at satisfying the research hypothesis or objectives by following the research design. Limitations of the Study The weak links can be identified in the article under concern. First of all, there is no specific definition of the research aims and objectives or the research questions / hypothesis. Furthermore, the article does not include proper specifications of the aim of study and the significance of conducting the research. In order to overcome the weak links, there are certain steps that can be taken to strengthen the overall research approach (Creswell, 2012). The initial part can include definition of the particular research aim and objectives, following which the chosen method and design for research can be properly specified. Other than that, weaknesses in this article are identified in the factors that the study does not cover the longitudinal aspects of the identified variables. Future Scope of the Study The study can be further extended in the future to analyze the changes in sales and employment levels over longer period of time rather than one year (Yin, 2013). Therefore, the future study can involve more number of eating and drinking places, hotels and restaurants by including several other smoke free jurisdictions besides the five selected countries in New York States. Conclusion The researcher has tried to conduct a detail study in order to assess the accurate levels of employment and sales before and after implementing smoke free policies. However, there are certain evidences that state that these rules are in fact, beneficial for health and even more, they are not at all bad for business. Hence, policy makers need sufficient information about the exact results of implementing smoke free rules on hospitality business. This research therefore aims to uncover and analyze the accurate aspects before and after applying such rules on several eating and drinking places on five countries of New York State. References Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford university press. Corbin, J., Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dane, F.C. (2011) Evaluating research: Methodology for people who need to read research. Gelso, C. (2006) Applying theories to research: The interplay of theory and research in science. https://knowledge.sagepub.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/view/hdbk_psychrsch/n32.xml Hyland, A., Puli, V., Cummings, M., Sciandra, R. (2003). New York's smoke-free regulations: Effects on employment and sales in the hospital industry. https://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/209703335? accountid=28180 Krathwohl, D. (2009) Methods of educational and social science research: The logic of methods. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage. Merriam, S. B. (2014). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley Sons. Mitchell, M., Jolley, J. (2012). Research design explained. Cengage Learning. Pickard, A. (2012). Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.

Henry IV free essay sample

A discussion of the traits of courage and justice in two important characters in this Shakespearean play. This paper examines courage and justice as seen in Shakespeares play Henry IV Part I. An analysis of the story reveals Shakespeares views of the virtues of kings through his comparison of the characters of King Henry IV and his son Prince Hal. Examples from the text are provided to compare and contrast these character traits in the two characters. Henry IV Part 1 is one of the greatest history plays by Shakespeare because it doesnt focus on the intricacies of politics but tries to highlight the essential virtues of a king in the making. It is important to study this play as a prelude to its subsequent parts because here we encounter all the important characters and playwright offers us a rare insight into the characters of both the King Henry IV and his son. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry IV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While it is easy to read the play like any other history plays with battles and political treachery dominating the entire plot, but I personally believe that this play was written to comment on what should be the essential traits present in the future king of England. Shakespeare also invites his readers to compare the character of son with that of his fathers who was known as a usurper because he snatched power from Richard II. Henry IV free essay sample # 8211 ; Henry # 8217 ; s Personality Essay, Research Paper From the gap phases of Henry IV, the feeling of Hal is non a good 1. His male parent, King Henry, makes mention to him in the first scene and compares him to Hotspur, who, in the male monarch # 180 ; s eyes, is much more worthy of the throne of England: # 8220 ; O, that it could be prov # 180 ; vitamin D That some night-tripping faery had exchang # 180 ; vitamin D In cradle-clothes our kids where they lay # 8230 ; . # 8230 ; ..Then I would hold his Harry, and he mine # 8221 ; This leaves the audience with a negative position of Hal, who we have non yet been able to run into. When we do, in Act 1, Scene 2, he is with Falstaff, and they are engaged in light raillery. Falstaff suggests the robbery in Gadshill, which Hal declines to take portion in. # 8220 ; Who, I rob? I a stealer? Not I, by my faith. # 8221 ; This refusal to take portion in the robbery gives the feeling that Hal is non every bit exuberant as the work forces he socialises with. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry IV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Hal agrees to take portion in another robbery, in which Falstaff, holding merely robbed the travelers himself, will be robbed by Hal and Poins. The fact that he refuses to take portion in a serious robbery, but so accepts the offer of robbing Falstaff suggests that he is more the merchandise of high liquors than of true maliciousness. At the terminal of this scene comes one of the most of import addresss in the full drama. Hal speaks his monologue in poetry, which is a contrast to the light conversation in prose earlier in the scene. The poetry makes him look more of a Lord, and is more fitting to the Prince of Wales. He knows that his comrades are unsuitable for a prince, and that his behavior has attracted serious unfavorable judgment. However: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; herein will I copy the Sun, Who doth permit the base contagious clouds To surround up his beauty from the universe, # 8221 ; This is non the most endearing of addresss. We have merely met Hal # 180 ; s friends and seen how Hal Acts of the Apostless with them, yet here he is be aftering how he will # 8220 ; throw off # 8221 ; # 8220 ; this loose behavior # 8221 ; . He makes no mention to how he feels this would impact the people he is close to, and he appears merely to draw a bead on to his # 8220 ; reformation, glitt # 180 ; pealing O # 180 ; er my mistake # 8221 ; . This seems peculiarly indurate behavior, particularly as we are now privy to the torment that Hal causes his male parent. However, this address can be seen in another visible radiation. Hal is traveling to go King one twenty-four hours, and this seems to be something he has no scruple about, and something he accepts. He has non let anyone hold any outlooks about him, so when he does execute this # 8220 ; reformation # 8221 ; it will really look more particular. He is besides really perceptive and astute about people # 180 ; s sentiments # 8211 ; # 8220 ; glitt # 180 ; pealing O # 180 ; er my mistake # 8221 ; # 8211 ; they will likely hold a batch more regard for him, and will likely bury, or attach less import, to his old defects, if he manages to do a marvelous recovery from the life of wickedness. More people will be impressed by him than if he had led a quiet life # 8211 ; # 8220 ; [ My reformation ] Shall show more goodly, and pull more eyes Than that which hath no foil to put it off # 8221 ; Some of this address seems rather unprepared and self-generated # 8211 ; it seems right that this would be something that Hal would hold given a batch of idea. He uses a figure of metaphors # 8211 ; each better than the old, which gives the feeling of speech production as he thinks, which does non look to portend good. How good has he thought this program out? This address though, is wholly honorable # 8211 ; you get no feeling of hocus-pocus, or misrepresentation in Hal # 180 ; s linguistic communication. He is cognizant of his imperfectnesss, and programs to make something about them. The thought that Hal is wholly cognizant of his hereafter duties, and is fixing for them is farther underlined in Act 2 Scene 4. Hal has spent a piece in the company of some shortss. He says # 8220 ; I have sounded the really base-string of humbleness # 8221 ; . All of these shortss have sworn commitment to Hal, and he # 8220 ; # 8230 ; shall command all the good chaps in Eastcheap. # 8221 ; Although Hal is rather belittling about these # 8220 ; good chaps # 8221 ; , when he is King of England he will be trusting upon # 8220 ; the base-string # 8221 ; of his people to maintain him in power. He knows that the most successful male monarchs are those that are popular amongst the peasantry of their state, and he prepares himself for this well, by doing himself popular amongst his people. The feeling that Hal truly has made a declaration to make something about the manner he behaves becomes more obvious in Act 2 Scene 4. Hal has merely been summoned to see his male parent, and Hal and Falstaff are foretelling the interview and copying it. Falstaff is Hal, and Hal the king # 8211 ; the # 8220 ; king # 8221 ; is showing his positions about Hal # 180 ; s friends, and proposing that he ostracize them. Falstaff replies with: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; ostracize him non thy Harry # 180 ; s company. Banish plump Jack, and ostracize all the world. # 8221 ; The # 8220 ; king # 8221 ; answers, # 8220 ; I do, I will # 8221 ; . T his alteration of tense is really revealing. You sense that the conversation between Falstaff and Hal has easy gone from jocular to serious over it?s class, and this concluding stoping sounds like it is Hal, non his male parent speaking. The â€Å"I will† is determined, and it is felt that nil could alter Hal?s head. At this point the Hostess, Francis and Bardolph enter, and Falstaff exclaims: # 8220 ; Out, ye knave! Play out the drama! I have much to state in behalf of that Falstaff. # 8221 ; Falstaff makes one last attempt to reason his instance, likely feeling that this is something that is really of import to his hereafter relationship with Hal, but the chance passes. Subsequently, in Act 2 Scene 4, the sheriff comes looking for Falstaff, in connexion with the robbery at Gadshill. Hal hides Falstaff and diverts the Sheriff. This action is the action of a good friend # 8211 ; if Hal was so determined to acquire rid of Falstaff, and had no fondness for him, he would hold surrendered Falstaff up to the jurisprudence. However, he doesn # 180 ; T. Hal further shows his fondness for Falstaff during the war scenes. He gives Falstaff # 8220 ; charge of pes # 8221 ; . He is seting his trust in Falstaff to make the right thing, as a good friend, but Falstaff fails him, seting out a seedy clump of felons and the aged as # 8220 ; nutrient for pulverization # 8221 ; . Later on, when Hal asks Falstaff to impart him a handgun, but finds a bottle of poke in the holster he exclaims, # 8220 ; What, is it a clip to joke and dally now? # 8221 ; # 8211 ; the relationship between Hal and Falstaff has now changed. Hal has realised his duty, and is now doing ammends for his old behavior. Falstaff, though, is still acting merely the same manner as he would if he were in a tavern # 8211 ; he doesn # 180 ; Ts realise the earnestness of the state of affairs. Hal is disgusted, and issues from his company. In Act 3 Scene 2, the male monarch confronts Hal with his actions. Throughout the male monarch # 180 ; s address, Hal gives merely three responses. The first is one that you expect he has given many times before # 8211 ; the standard admittance of guilt that you suspect he will non make anything about. The 2nd is short and decidedly more heart-felt: # 8220 ; I shall hereinafter, my thrice gracious Godhead, Be more myself. # 8221 ; This contains much more respect than the old reply, and you begin to detect that he is going cognizant of the hurting he causes his male parent. The male monarch so goes on to impeach Hal of siding with the male monarch # 180 ; s enemies to contend against him: # 8220 ; To contend against me under Percy # 180 ; s wage, To chase his heels, and curtsey at his scowls, To demo how much thou art degenerate. # 8221 ; This shocks Hal into replying, and when he does, he begs the male monarch # 180 ; s forgiveness: # 8220 ; I do bid your Majesty may salvage The long adult lesions of my intemperance # 8221 ; Hal truly does intend this, and the sense that he truly was utterly ignorant of the torment he was doing is about overmastering. Hal shows himself to be honorable # 8211 ; he swears upon his life that he will deliver himself, in the male monarch # 180 ; s eyes, # 8220 ; on Percy # 180 ; s caput # 8221 ; . In Act 5 Scene 4, Douglas and the King are duelling, but the male monarch is losing. Hal enters, battles Douglas and beats him. Had Hal been dishonorable, and wanted his male parent to decease, he would hold left the King to be beaten by Douglas and # 8220 ; # 8230 ; sav # 180 ; d the unreliable labor of your son. # 8221 ; The male monarch leaves, and Hotspur enters, and Hal and him fight. The battle is a really honorable one # 8211 ; they do non diss one another, and when Hal kills Hotspur, he seems truly upset: # 8220 ; Fare thee good, great bosom! # 8221 ; . Hal does non exhibit around, lapping up the glorification of holding killed Hotspur, but lets Falstaff take the congratulations he claims. When Hal sees Falstaff # 8220 ; dead # 8221 ; on the floor, he says: # 8220 ; O, I should hold a heavy girl of thee If I were much in love with amour propre! # 8221 ; This is the first admittance we hear from Hal that the frivolousness he enjoyed with Falstaff holds no more attractive force for him, and he has genuinely changed from his old ways. Finally, at the very terminal of the drama, Hal does one of the most honorable things possible. He sets Douglas free, stating: # 8220 ; His heroism # 8230 ; Have taught us how to care for high workss, Even in the bosom of our antagonists # 8221 ; . The fact that he lets Douglas travel free is a much more honorable, and respectable, thing to make, than killing him, as it shows that he is capable of forgiveness, which is a difficult thing to accomplish than retaliation. From this grounds, I have come to the decision that there is human heat in the Prince. From the start, he was acting like a immature adult male with a lecherousness for life, who enjoyed merriment, and was unconsciously doing those around him pain. He was misguided in some of the things he did, but his strength of character won him through in the terminal, when he behaved honorably towards his male parent and his ain fate.

Comparison of essays

Comparison of essays The play A Mouthful of Birds by Caryl Churchill and David Lan is loosely based around the themes explored by Euripides in The Bacchae. Both plays share similar themes and issues, yet contain many contrasting characters and circumstances due to the modernisation or appropriation of The Bacchae into a post-modern theatre piece for a contemporary audience with different views, morals and beliefs. The plays both concentrate on themes of violence, possession and transformation. Both works show women violently breaking out of their stereotypical role of the time, and acting possessed, or losing control of the physical and emotional realities of life. The Bacchae demonstrates this mainly through the Bacchaen women who are assumedly possessed by a power or spirit, that of the God Dionysus whom they worship. They are possessed by a madness that causes them to act violently and erratically, for example when Agave is taken over by this madness she kills her son without realizing who he is (Pg. 735 of Thea 111 Collected Plays Handbook). A Mouthful of Birds contextualise[s] modern forms of possession (addiction, anxiety, memory, passion etc.) within the Euripidean paradigm of the relation between pleasure, power and violence . Although the basic themes are similar, the execution of the plays onstage in their respective times made both productions entirely different. The Bacchae is often seen as a play that openly mocks women and the ease at which they embrace hysteria. Considering that in its time a cast of all male actors performed it an underlying sarcastic element of humour is presented. Thus, the play carries the theme of hysteria (mainly in women) and possession by spirits, madness and passion, yet perhaps in a slightly less serious way than A Mouthful of Birds. The female roles in contemporary plays have now, become equal to that of male actors. In the period leading up to and surrounding the writing and production of A Mo...

Effective risk management in software development project using Dissertation

Effective risk management in software development project using different methodologies - Dissertation Example It was believed that this approach will help to elucidate some of the main practices of risk assessment within the software would industry in the United Kingdom The specific objectives of this research were as follows: 1. To determine what approaches to risk management were most common among respondents 2. To identify differences or similarities between the perspectives of participants and those in the literature 3. To examine how effective risk mitigation was for participants The mixed methods approach involved the use of one quantitative and one qualitative technique. The qualitative technique that was determined was an open-ended, one-on-one interview which was carried out with participants from a range of different software companies. In addition to the qualitative component of this study a small, quantitative questionnaire was also developed and distributed to people within the organisations of the qualitative participants. This questionnaire contained shorter versions of some o f the questions covered in the qualitative interview. The purpose of this was to access a wider pool of participants than would be possible for the qualitative interview. ... Additionally, if probability sampling methods are used, the outcomes from a quantitative study can often be extended to a large population, while a qualitative study does not have the same level of applicability. Thus, a quantitative study might be able to determine that group A was statistically more likely to use the waterfall risk management approach, while a qualitative approach would be able to provide an indication about what people thought about risk management approaches, and why a particular one was preferable. 3.1.1 Qualitative Interviews Qualitative research is a form of research that considers the perspectives and opinions of participants, often through approaches such as interviews or focus groups. A substantial amount of information can be gathered through qualitative research, however, it also tends to be more time consuming. Because of this, qualitative approaches are often used for studies where the opinions of participants is of particular importance, or the area of the study is small (Leedy and Ormrod, 2004). It makes use of non-probability methods of sampling, which means that it is difficult to extrapolate the results of a study to a wider population (Sarantakos, 2005). Interviews are an approach to qualitative research that allows for a lot of information to be gathered from participants (Trochim and Donnelly, 2007) . Interviews frequently make use of a mixture of questions that are closed and open-ended (Gillham, 2005). This approach is effective, because it allows the interviewer to guide the progress of the interview, and ensure that the desired questions are answered, while at the same time

Federal Reserve and the Open Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Federal Reserve and the Open Market - Essay Example tions in the economy in pursuit of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates; (2) supervising and regulating banking institutions to ensure the safety and soundness of the nation’s banking and financial system and to protect the credit rights of consumers; (3) maintaining the stability of the financial system and containing systemic risk that may arise in financial markets; and (4) providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions, including playing a major role in operating the nation’s payments system (Federal Reserve, 2006). It is important to note that the Fed is not a commercial bank and, therefore, does not operate as such. However, similar to any other bank that has interest as their primary source of income, "the Federal Reserves income is derived primarily from the interest on U.S. government securities that it has acquired through open market operations" (Federal Reserve, 2006). Other sources of income, according to the Feds official website, are the following: interest on foreign currency investments held by the System; fees received for services provided to depository institutions, such as check clearing, funds transfers, and automated clearinghouse operations; and interest on loans to depository institutions. The Federal Reserve System is separated into four main divisions, each with their own set of responsibilities: the Board of Governors, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Reserve Banks, and the Board of Directors. The Board of Governors, which consists of seven members, is mostly responsible for "the formulation of monetary policy" (Federal Reserve, 2006). These seven are also part of the Federal Open Market Committee, which is responsible, on the other hand, for any decision-making regarding "the cost and availability of money and credit in the economy" (Federal Reserve, 2006). The Federal Open Market Committee "is the most important

The Impact of Capital Structure on the Firms Performance Essay

The Impact of Capital Structure on the Firms Performance - Essay Example The authors of this paper are professors Murray Frank and Vidnan Goyal. Frank is one of the faculties of commerce in the University of British Columbia, Canada. While Goyal is in the department of finance in Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. They empirically tested 39 factors that affect leverage decisions of publicly traded companies in the U.S. One of the major findings is that the bankruptcy risk and profitability are negatively related to leverage. Their findings support tax-bankruptcy trade-off theory and stakeholder co-investment theory. On the other hand, it conflicts with the studies that are based on the pecking order theory and market timing theory. The authors are reliable and present good knowledge of the topic. Although theories are conflicting with some other research this is the good scholarly source. This source contributed more than enough in research work and target audience of the source is financial institutions, professionals, students, and stockhol ders. Bas, T., Muradoglu, G. & Phylaktis, K. (2009). Determinants of Capital Structure in Developing Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2011, from European Financial Management Association: http://efmaefm.org/0EFMSYMPOSIUM/China-2010/papers/determinants%20of%20capital%20structure%20in%20developing%20countries.pdf The authors of this paper are the faculty of Cass Business School in London. ... This paper is different than previous studies since it focuses on the large firms of developing countries. This paper contributed to research to some extent because it helped in understanding the fact that how different markets react differently. The audience of the paper is financial associations and foreign companies. This paper is included because it’s a scholarly and popular work and facts of the paper are well documented. Although my topic I too focused and this research is on a different topic this paper helped me to support my ideas. Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice. The Journal of Finance, 43 (1). The authors of this paper are professors at the University of California, Los Angeles. Both writers presented their research in a well-documented manner and this research is reliable and good to include when someone is working on the topic of capital structure. The study examined capital structure theories that have not tested bef ore based on a factor analytic technique. They analyzed the data using six measures of financial leverage including short-term debt, long-term debt, and convertible debt. The study findings show that the transaction cost is one of the major determinants of capital structure choice. In fact, the results do not support the effect of volatility, collateral value or future growth. This journal is very much related to my topic although it's too broad and not scholarly enough it helped a lot to narrow down my topic. The audience of the paper is students, teachers, and people who are seeking basic knowledge about the determinants of capital structure. Sbeiti, W. (2010).  

Ultrasonography Advantages and Disadvantages

Ultrasonography Advantages and Disadvantages ULTRASONOGRAPHY Ultrasonography is a sound based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualising subcutaneous body structures including muscles joints vessels and internal organs for possible pathology and lesions. Sonography was introduced in the Medical field in early 1950s with steady development. The requirement of Ultrasound has gained importance in medical field and slowly its use in dentistry is also advancing. In Ultrasonography high frequency sound waves are transmitted in to the body by a transducer and the reflected waves are detected and displayed on a monitor. Sound reflection occurs between materials with different acoustic properties. The acoustic impedance of a medium is the product of its density and the propagation velocity in the medium. The transducers are intended to produce longitudinal waves therefore only those waves can pass through tissues get reflected, Audio frequency of a sound wave is 20 KHz any frequency above this is known as ultrasound. Medical Ultrasound uses the frequency of 1-15 MHz. The transducer contains quartz crystals and works on a principle called as piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is when a force is applied perpendicular to the faces of a quartz crystal an electric charge will result. This charge can be de ­tected and amplified, producing a useful electric signal. Conversely, if an electric sig ­nal is applied to the crystal, expansion or con ­traction of the crystal will take place depend ­ing on the polarity of the signal. Oscillating signals cause the crystal to vi ­brate, resulting in propagation of sound waves into the medium with which the crystal is in contact.52 Advantages of this imaging technique include – Non invasive Non ionizing radiation is used Simple Real time imaging Portable machine Can repeat and easy to store Less artifacts Disadvantages include – Operator and equipment dependant Hard tissue cannot be imaged Deep structures cannot be visualized Application of Ultrasonography in dentistry: Ultrasonography has been used as non-invasive technique for the imaging of relatively deep areas. Recently, however high frequency USG has been developed that can provide detail investigation of more superficial regions.53, 54 USG has extensive range of use in dentistry such as to detect cyst and tumors of orofacial region, lympadenitis, space infections, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and mid face fractures. USG can detect of fractures of the maxillofacial region i.e. nasal bone fractures, orbital rim fractures, maxillary fractures, mandibular fractures, zygomatic arch fractures as well as reduction healing of fractures. Ultrasound is used to detect parotid lesions, where solid and cystic lesions are reliably differentiated and diffuse enlargement of the parotid gland (or) focal disease is readily shown by ultrasound. Sonographically, benign lesions usually appear well defined, homogeneous and hypoechoic, while malignant lesions tend to be ill defined and hypoechoic with heterogeneous internal architecture and enlarged cervical lymph node may be visible and reactive intra parotid lymph nodes may also be readily assessed.55, 56, 57 USG can also be used during FNAC. This technique offers the ability to sample non palpable diseases, gives access to different regions of the lesion and approaches the lesion from different angles. During biopsy of parotid gland there is chance of injuring the facial nerve (or) seeding neoplastic cells, under ultrasound guidance these can be avoided.56 The value of USG is well recognized in inflammatory soft tissue conditions of the head and neck region and superficial tissue disorders of the maxillofacial region. Ultra sound can provide the content of the lesion before any surgical procedure; both solid and cystic contents could be identified in ultrasound. The mixed lesions should be considered neoplastic and should be biopsied before surgical procedure.USG helps in detecting the extend of space infections in oral and maxillofacial region. Ultrasound is also an precise modality for measuring the thickness of muscles, data regarding thickness may provide information useful in diagnosis and treatment especially in follow up examination in cases of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD).58 USG is indiacted in TMD to evaluate the osseous contours of joints and joint space, joint effusion, detection of disc position and dynamic evaluation and inflammatory disorders like Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis etc. Ultrasound can also be used for detecting sialoliths in parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, which appear as echo-dense spots with a characteristic acoustic shadow.59 In Ultrasound, color Doppler sonography has been developed to identify vasculatures and to enable evaluation of the blood flow, velocity and vessel resistance together with surrounding Morphology. It can be used for detecting the course of the facial artery and for detecting hemangioma. So the use of ultrasound is unlimited, so proper application of this Imaging can be of use in detecting various normal pathological lesions in the maxillofacial region. Literature search Manjunath K et al (2011) evaluated oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) by clinical and histopathological examination, and compared the results with those from ultrasonographic technique.30 clinically diagnosed OSMF patients were subjected to both ultrasonographic and histopathological evaluation before treatment. Later, only ultrasonographical examination using 9-5 MHz transducer was done during 4thand 8thweek of treatment. Intralesional injections of a combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate 4 mg/ml and hyaluronidase 1500 IU twice a week for 8 weeks were given. At each visit, following topical application of lignocaine 2%, 1500 IU of hyaluronidase was dissolved in 2.0 ml of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in a 2 ml disposable syringe and the drugs were injected at multiple sites submucosally by means of a gauge 24 needle, taking care that not more than 0.2 ml solution was injected per site. Prognosis of the lesion for the treatment was evaluated. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of bloo d in the lesional area was statistically analyzed. 10 normal individuals without any mucosal lesions were considered as the control group.In normal individuals, ultrasonography delineated normal mucosa with uniform fine mottled appearance with interspersed hypoechoic areas. Colour Doppler and spectral Doppler depicted uniform distribution of blood vessels and normal peak systolic velocity of blood respectively. All OSMF patients were diagnosed upon clinical and histopathological examination. Clinical examination revealed 14 individuals with unilateral palpable fibrotic bands and 16 individuals with bilateral fibrotic bands whereas, ultrasonographic evaluation revealed 6 individuals with unilateral fibrotic bands and 24 individuals were with bilateral fibrotic bands, which was statistically significant. Ultrasonography demonstrated number, length and thickness of the fibrotic bands. Color Doppler and spectral Doppler showed decreased vascularity and PSV in lesional area. Prognosis ev aluation revealed 25 cases of good prognosis and 5 cases were showed poor prognosis. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test revealed no significant difference of PSV was seen in poor prognosis patients.The study concluded that Ultrasonography could be a better diagnostic tool compared to clinical and histopathological examination.2 Krithika C et al (2013) assessed the sonographic features of the buccal mucosa in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF).Three groups (controls with areca-related habits, controls without areca-related habits and clinically diagnosed OSF cases), each comprising 30 subjects, were included in the study. After a thorough clinical examination, transcutaneous B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a multifrequency linear transducer (5-10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °MHz) for anterior and posterior buccal mucosa bilaterally. Both clinical and ultrasound findings were recorded by three independent observers. One-way analysis of variance and Tukeys honestly significant difference post-hoc tests were used for statistical comparisons between groups and Pearson χ (2) tests to compare the proportions. Kappa statistics was used to determine the interobserver agreement. The submucosa that appeared hypoechoic in the control groups had significantly increased echogenicity in the case group (hypo- to isoechoic in 46.7% and isoechoic in 53.3%). The differentiation between the submucosa and the muscle layer appeared distinct in the control groups while it was not clear in the case group (indistinct in 50% and completely lost in 50%). The number of sites found positive on the ultrasound was significantly greater than the number of clinically positive sites. There was a very good inter observer consistency in clinical and ultrasound findings. Ultrasonography of the buccal mucosa demonstrated increased submucosal echogenicity and reduced echo differentiation between submucosa and muscle layer in OSF cases. Hence, it can be used as a non-invasive imaging modality to assess the disease extent and severity across the entire buccal mucosa to supplement clinical evaluation.7 P Rangaiah (2010) performed a hospital based cross sectional study to measure the thickness of submucosa with the application of high frequency ultrasonography (USG) in cases and controls and to correlate clinical and histological stages of the disease with the USG measurements. Study consisted of 20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically proven of OSMF and 20 controls who were selected by matching the age body mass index to OSMF patients. Transcutaneous imaging of Buccal and labial submucosa was done using a high frequency (3-12 MHz) USG. The values were correlated with the habit and clinical and histological staging of the disease. Result The mean submucosal thickness of ABM for cases was0.209  ± 0.072 cms and for controls was 0.056  ± 0.011 cms, PBM for cases was 0.218  ± 0.080 and for controls was 0.057  ± 0.010 cms, ULM for cases was 0.149  ± 0.051 cms and for controls was 0.055  ± 0.015 cms, and for LLM for cases was 0.162  ± 0.052 cms and for the c ontrols was 0.060  ± 0.017 cms. The study group had a increased submucosal thickness when compared to control group in all the measured sites. A significant positive association was obtained in relation of submucosal thickness with frequency of chewing habits. An insignificant correlation was obtained with respect to submucosal thickness with duration of habit and duration of quid keeping. An incompatibility was noted when comparison of clinical and histological staging was done with USG measurements, which could be attributed to smaller sample size, unequal number of subjects in each staging of OSMF. But many cases showed definite increase in submucosal thickness as the disease progressed from early to advanced stage. Echogenecity pattern of submucosa showed areas of irregular hyperechoic (increased) linear streaks due to fibrotic deposits in cases. In the contrary the submucosa of controls appeared as a band of hypoechoic zone. Conclusion of the present preliminary study was abl e to establish the normal values of submucosal thickness ultrasonographically for a small group of South Indian population. The study showed a significant increase in submucosal thickness in OSMF patients which was measured ultrasonographically.60 Devathambi JR (2013) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) as a non-invasive tool in assessing the severity of OSMF and also to assess the relationship between OSMF and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle. The submucosal thickness in buccal mucosa and masseteric muscle hypertrophy were measured using ultrasound (10-15 MHz) in 60 patients comprising 30 OSMF patients and 30 controls. Results were analyzed by one way analysis of variance, Chi-square test and t- test. The range of the normal submucosal thickness in the study was between 0.045 and 0.056 cm.the submucosal thickness in OSMF patients ranged between 0.090cm to 0.258.As the stages of OSMF advanced there was an increase in submucosal thickness of the buccal mucosa as well as masseter muscle thickness in both relaxed and contracted state in the study group when compared with controls (P61 P Kant (2014) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) as a non-invasive tool in assessing the severity of OSMF and also to assess the relationship between OSMF and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle. The submucosal thickness in buccal mucosa and masseteric muscle hypertrophy were measured using ultrasound (10-15 MHz) in 60 patients comprising 30 OSMF patients and 30 controls. Results were analyzed by one way analysis of variance, Chi-square test and t-test. As the stages of OSMF advanced there was an increase in submucosal thickness of the buccal mucosa as well as masseter muscle thickness in both relaxed and contracted state in the study group when compared with controls (p62 Kamala KA et al (2010) investigated thickness of masseter muscle at rest and at maximum clenching position by ultrasonography with masseter muscle hypertrophy in OSMF patient and control group, and also to establish the normal value of masseter muscle thickness ultrasonographically and to prove that ultrasonography is reliable diagnostic technique for the evaluation of masseter muscle hypertrophy in oral submucous fibrosis patient. Ultrasonographic (3-12 MHz) measurement of masseter muscle thickness was performed in 40 subjects including 20 OSMF patients and 20 controls. Study group showed higher thickness both on right and left buccal mucosa when compared to controls. The thickness of masseter muscle was more in contracted stage than relaxed stage which was significant.63 J Jackowski et al (1999) compared the ultrasonographic appearances of the oral mucosa in health with patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).An innovative 20 MHz US scanner was used to examine the lips, cheeks and oral vestibule of ten healthy persons and ten patients with SSc. The clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological features of one patient with a fibro-epithelial polyp of the buccal mucosa are reported in detail. Two patients with SSc displayed increased echogenicity due to fibrotic deposits. A similar echo pattern was seen in the case of the histopathologically verified fibro-epithelial polyp of the buccal mucosa. The study concluded that 20 MHz sonography may be suitable as a non-invasive tool for evaluation of fibrosis of the oral mucosa.64 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al (2011) The purpose of the study was to establish the role of ultrasonography in determining the involvement of specific fascial spaces in maxillofacial region and the stage of infection, in indicating the appropriate time for surgical intervention and to compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Material and Methods Twenty five patients with fascial space infection in maxillofacial region were subjected to ultrasonographic examination following a detailed clinical and radiological examination. Ultrasonography guided needle aspiration was performed. Based on the findings, patients diagnosed with abscess were subjected to incision and drainage and those with cellulitis were subjected to medical line of treatment. Results More than one fascial space was involved in all patients. On clinical examination 64 spaces were involved, of them 34 spaces had abscess formation and 30 spaces were in the stage of cellulitis. On ultrasonography examination, 28 spaces were reported to have abscess formation and 36 spaces were diagnosed to be in the stage of cellulitis. On comparative analysis of both clinical and ultrasonographic findings, ultrasonography was found to be sensitive in 65% of the cases and having specificity of 80%. It was registered statistically significant (P Conclusions Ultrasonography is a quick, widely available, relatively inexpensive, and painless procedure and can be repeated as often as necessary without risk to the patient. Thus ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic aid to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for early and accurate diagnosis of fascial space infection, their appropriate treatment and to limit their further spread. Keywords:ultrasonography, maxillofacial surgery, abscess, cellulitis, differential diagnosis. The purpose of the study was to establish the role of ultrasonography in determining the involvement of specific facial spaces in maxillofacial region and the stage of infection, in indicating the appropriate time for surgical intervention and to compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Twenty five patients with fascial space infection in maxillofacial region were subjected to ultrasonographic examination following a detailed clinical and radiological examination. Ultrasonography guided needle aspiration was performed. Based on the findings, patients diagnosed with abscess were subjected to incision and drainage and those with cellulitis were subjected to medical line of treatment. More than one fascial space was involved in all patients. On clinical examination 64 spaces were involved, of them 34 spaces had abscess formation and 30 spaces were in the stage of cellulitis. On ultrasonography examination, 28 spaces were reported to have abscess formation and 36 spaces were diagn osed to be in the stage of cellulitis. On comparative analysis of both clinical and ultrasonographic findings, ultrasonography was found to be sensitive in 65% of the cases and having specificity of 80%. It was registered statistically significant (P 65 Mohit sharma et al (2014) detected the role of ultrasonography as an adjunctive diagnostic aid for fascial space infections of odontogenic origin as well as an aid in appropriate treatment planning and management of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin. The study group comprised of 30 patients of either genders, irrespective of age and presented with unilateral fascial space infection of odontogenic origin. After the clinical and radiographic examinations, patients underwent USG evaluation. USG-guided intraoperative aspiration was done to confirm the diagnosis. All the findings were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.USG was as accurate as USG-guided intraoral aspiration (Gold standard) in diagnosing fascial space infections of odontogenic origin with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. In cases of abscess USG showed a well-defined homogenous anechoic pattern, cellulitis cases showed an ill-defined heterogeneous hyperechoic pattern while edema showed an ill-de fined isoechoic pattern.The different stages of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin can be clearly depicted on the USG. The study concluded that different stages of fascial space infections of odontogenic origin can be clearly depicted on the USG and it can be used as a reliable adjunctive imaging technique in the diagnosis of fascial space infection of odontogenic origin.66 Prince CN et al (2012) assessed the diagnostic capability of real-time ultrasound imaging, together with the application of color power Doppler in the identification and differential diagnosis of the periapical lesions. Fifteen patients with periapical lesions of pulpal origin, diagnosed with clinical and conventional radiographic examination, were examined further using ultrasonography. The results from the biopsies of the lesions were compared and statistically analyzed. The differential diagnosis between periapical granulomas and cystic lesions, which were based on the ultrasonographic findings, were confirmed by the results of the histopathologic examination in 13 (86.7%) of 15 cases, one being granuloma and 14 being cystic lesion.67 Sumit Goel et al (2011) evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography with color Doppler and power Doppler applications over conventional radiography in the diagnosis of periapical lesions.Thirty patients having inflammatory periapical lesions of the maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth and requiring endodontic surgery were selected for inclusion in this study. All patients consented to participate in the study. They used conventional periapical radiographs as well as USG with color Doppler and power Doppler for the diagnosis of these lesions. Their diagnostic performances were compared against histopathologic examination. All data were compared and statistically analyzed.USG examination with color Doppler and power Doppler identified 29 (19 cysts and 10 granulomas) of 30 periapical lesions accurately, with a sensitivity of 100% for cysts and 90.91% for granulomas and a specificity of 90.91% for cysts and 100% for granulomas. In comparison, conventional intraoral radiography identified only 21 lesions (sensitivity of 78.9% for cysts and 45.4% for granulomas and specificity of 45.4% for cysts and 78.9% for granulomas). There was definite correlation between the echo texture of the lesions and the histopathological features except in one case.68 Page 1

Immorality of Human Cloning Essay -- essays research papers

While human cloning has been a matter of science fiction for centuries, the prospect that it could actually happen is a recent development. On February 23, 1997, the birth of the first cloned sheep, Dolly, was announced. Since then, it seems that science has progressed faster than moral understanding. Each breakthrough in genetics presents us with both a promise and a dilemma. The promise is that we may soon be able to treat and prevent diseases such as cancer and Parkinson’s. The dilemma is that we will have the power to manipulate our very nature-- to choose the sex and other genetic qualities of our next generation in attempts to make ourselves perfect. Despite the possible benefits, cloning will require unacceptable risks and does not consider the basic concepts of human dignity, liberty and identity. Considering our role in the world, it is society’s place to dictate moral boundaries to ban all human cloning, including that done in the name of medical progress. Human cloning is a serious issue and a frightening prospect of what the future may hold. It has been proven neither effective, nor safe. Before this minimum requirement is met, cloning should be avoided and not attempted on humans. Despite this, advocates argue that cloning can improve human genetics, and can prevent genetically transmitted diseases. The truth is that cloning will not improve genetic make up of the human race. According to Darwin’s famous theory, nature adapts its species and no one should interfere in the process. A radical change in nature, such as creating a society of clones, will diminish the human diversity resulting from the various mixings of genes. Another problem says Lane Lester who earned his Ph.D in genetics is that â€Å"everyone possesse... ... cloning is necessary or useful for any purpose. Banning cloning far outweighs the potential curing of genetically transmitted diseases, it crosses an ethical line in the creation of human beings. As a moral society, we should strive to enforce moral boundaries and create rather then destroy. Works Cited "Gene Mutation" The Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2007. Print. Leone, Paul. Cloning and the Future of Human Embryo Research. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Google Books. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Masci, Margaret O., and John F. Setaro. Medicine's Brave New World: Bioengineering and the New Genetics. Brookfield: Twenty-First Century, 2001. Print. Winters, Paul A. Cloning. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998. Print. Gallup Poll: Support for Embryonic Stem Cell Research $ Dropping. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. http://www.lifenews.com/2005/08/16/bio-1111/

Internet’s Adverse Effects on Teenagers Essay

Adverse Effects of Internet on Teenagers: Introduction: The use of internet has grown tremendously among the teenagers over the last few decades. This has largely been caused by a variety of reasons such as education and the need for entertainment. The internet provides a variety of free information and resources that can either build or destroy the life of a teenager. As a result, many teenagers have ended destroyed morally and psychologically due to excessive use of the internet for the wrong reasons. As a matter of fact, research shows that many teenagers get excessively addicted to the internet from the first time they gain access information in the web (Kraut ; Kiesler, 49-74). The growing and excessive use of the internet among the teenagers has also largely been influenced by the affordability and availability of internet both at school and home. This continued use of internet by the teenagers has tremendously affected the teenagers adversely with time. To be precise, most teenagers who have excessively use internet have continued to have problems academically, socially and even morally. Background Information: Research indicates that in every ten teenagers, nine are regular internet users. According to statistics, 87% of the teenagers in the Western World aged between 12 and 17 are regular users of the internet. 51% of these teenagers visit the internet on regular basis. This actually represents about 21 million teenagers who visit the internet. It has also been found that 81% of the teenage internet users basically use the internet for playing video games. This percentage represents about 17 million teenagers (McKenna ; Green, 9-31). The figures above are a direct indication that there is an overwhelming increase in the number of teenagers accessing the internet over the last few years. This information implies that most teenagers are therefore openly vulnerable to some of the evil practices that go on over the internet. As a result, the society has continued to bring up teenagers who are morally corrupt. Refutation: It is important to note at this point that most teenagers are quickly getting addicted to internet use. Most teenagers get addicted to the internet because of the following reasons: First, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best source of entertainment. There are many internet sites that provide free games of that the teenagers can play. Most teenagers therefore visit these sites and spend quite a lot of time playing those games. The teenagers find fulfillment in these games and therefore dedicate much time to play such games. The addiction to internet games by the teenagers has largely been encouraged by lack of enough co-curriculum activities in the schools in the current society. With the current globalization, most schools tend to focus more on impartation of academic knowledge to the teenagers paying less attention to other extra-curriculum activities that are important for the mental development of the teenagers. This has therefore left the teenagers seeking for alternate sources of entertainment which they easily find over the internet. These teenagers have therefore grown to believe that the internet is the best source of entertainment. This is absolutely wrong since the internet games ideally promote the culture of selfishness because it gives the teenager a chance to find solace and fulfillment in the machine. This makes the teenagers to become selfish even as they grow up. Secondly, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best source of informant for academic research. Whenever the teenagers are given class assignments to do, the first research source they run to is the internet. This is because they believe that the internet provides accurate and ready information that can help them to quickly complete their assignments. As a result, many teenagers have been become so addicted to the internet for academic purposes. However, the teenagers need to understand that taking academic materials and reproducing information from the internet can often to academic frauds like plagiarism. The teenagers therefore need to be careful in conducting their research over the internet due to the crime risks they expose themselves to. As a matter of fact, the teenagers need to seek alternate sources of information such as books, journal articles and newspaper articles in conducting their research. This will help them to get information that they fully trust because it is easy to verify the sources of information from books and journal articles. Lastly, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best form of communication. This is because of the various technologies for communication that are actually provided over the internet. Most teenagers tend to lack cellular phones for communication. This gives them the option of communication technologies such as email and chat sessions in different applications over the internet. Through such technologies the teenagers get a chance to effectively communicate with their friends. This has made them believe that the internet is the best source of information since they can easily share their issues with friends over the internet. This is however wrong and should be discouraged. Proper socialization can only be healthy through physically contacting someone. Electronic communication through the internet reduces the relational skills of the teenagers and therefore makes them vulnerable to becoming irresponsible and selfish adults when they grow up. It is important to have good social skills which can only be enhanced through physical relationship (Lee ; Kuo, 7) Supporting Arguments: Internet use has adverse effects on the teenagers because of the following reasons: Internet expose the teenagers to Internet Crimes against Children. The internet is one of the platforms through which predators tend to find teenagers and grooming them for criminal activities such as the production and distribution of children pornography, stalking and contacting the teenagers for sexual acts engagement and even exploitation through sexual tourism. Most of the criminals tend to look at teenagers as perfect targets for achieving their criminal motives. This is mainly because most teenagers tend to be naive, trusting, adventurers, curious and seeking attention as well as affection. This, therefore, makes the teenager so vulnerable to being victims of such kind of criminal acts over the internet. In addition, the criminal acts could turn the teenagers into criminals too especially when there are monetary benefits attached to it. Secondly, the internet has the ability to corrupt the good morals of the teenagers. The internet provides quite a lot of free information and services that have the capacity of corrupting the good morals of teenagers. Illicit and immoral information such as pornography can easily become objects of admiration of teenagers over the internet. It is important to note that most teenagers tend to be at the peek of adolescence whereby they enjoy all manner of new things and are very curious to adventure into things. Due to peer pressure and pressure from their physical bodies, the teenagers are most likely to get addicted internet pornography. Accessing such illicit and immoral information can therefore corrupt their innocent minds. This information is dangerous because it can easily transform them into criminals such as rapists. Anytime the teenagers access the illicit information over the internet, they tend to develop the desire to practice what they read and watch over the internet. As a result, such kinds of teenagers end up not concentrating in their academic work and so scoring poor grades in school. Some also drop out school as they turn out to be frequent law offenders (Handbook of child psychology, 1-101).

The Fire that was Allowed to Burn Essays

The Fire that was Allowed to Burn Essays The Fire that was Allowed to Burn Essay The Fire that was Allowed to Burn Essay Fourteen years ago fire rolled through a beautiful part of this country, filled with marvelous creations such as geysers and hot springs.Trees, blooming wild flowers, abundant grasses, natural landscapes, and sinuous waters lavishly filled the countryside.Almost everything was destroyed that was in the fires sight.398 blameless animals died.Many controversies aroused from the occurrence of this fire at Yellowstone National Park in 1988. These fires were allowed to burn by the Natural Burn Policy which was put into effect in 1972.The National Park Service officially recognized that fire was essential for the maintenance of an ecosystem (Ruhf).When a fire is started, the trees burn down and die.They then fall and create open areas for sunlight to reach new growth and sprout seedlings.This creates a healthier forest and helps maintain an ecosystem.All naturally caused fires, such as those started by lightning, would be allowed to burn without suppression. The fires started on June 2 2, 1988.Originally, they did not pose a threat.Ignited by lightning, they didnt threaten lives, property, or natural features.Eventually, almost the entire park was in flames.The fires, including the Storm Creek fire, the Hellroaring fire, and the North Fork fire then started to burn uncontrollably (Ruhf).By July 22, the National Park Service decided it was time to battle all of these fires.Over a course of about 3 months a total of 25,000 firefighters, including Army and Marine troops, tried to control this blaze.9,500 firefighters fought the fires at one time (Barker). The worst of the fires began on Saturday, August 20, 1988.This day is now historically named Black Saturday (Ruhf).Winds soared between 30-40 MPH with gusts reaching up to 70 MPH (Ruhf).The winds caused the fires to reach up to 200 feet high.Eventually the fires produced their own wind.On Black Saturday an

The Other Reichs Before Hitlers Third

The Other Reichs Before Hitler's Third The German word reich means empire, although it can also be translated as government. In 1930s Germany, the Nazi party identified their rule as a Third Reich and, in doing so, gave English speakers around the world a wholly negative connotation to the word. Some people are surprised to find that the concept, and use, of three reichs is not a solely Nazi idea, but a common component of German historiography. This misconception stems from the use of Reich as a totalitarian nightmare, and not as an empire.  As you can tell, there were two reichs before Hitler made his third, but you might see reference to a fourth. The First Reich: The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 - 1806) Although the name dates to the twelfth-century reign of Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Empire had its origins over 300 years earlier. In 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of a territory which covered much of western and central Europe; this created an institution that would remain, in one form or another, for over a thousand years. The Empire was reinvigorated by Otto I in the tenth century, and his imperial coronation in 962 has also been used to define the start of both the Holy Roman Empire and the First Reich. By this stage, Charlemagnes empire had been divided, and the remainder was based around a set of core territories occupying much the same area as modern Germany. The geography, politics, and strength of this empire continued to fluctuate massively over the next eight hundred years but the imperial ideal, and the German heartland, remained. In 1806, the Empire was abolished by the then Emperor Francis II, partly as a response to the Napoleonic threat. Allowing for the difficulties in summarizing the Holy Roman Empire - which parts of a fluid thousand-year history do you select? - it was generally a loose confederation of many smaller, almost independent, territories, with little desire to vastly expand across Europe. It wasnt considered the first at this point, but a follow-up to the Roman Empire of the classical world; indeed Charlemagne was meant to be a new Roman leader. The Second Reich: The German Empire (1871 - 1918) The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, combined with a growing feeling of German nationalism, led to repeated attempts at unifying the multitude of German territories before a single state was created almost solely by the will of Otto von Bismarck, aided by the military skills of Moltke. Between 1862 and 1871, this great Prussian politician used a combination of persuasion, strategy, skill, and outright warfare to create a German Empire dominated by Prussia, and ruled by the Kaiser (who had very little to do with the creation of the empire he would rule). This new state, the Kaiserreich, grew to dominate European politics at the close of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries. In 1918, after defeat in the Great War, a popular revolution forced the Kaiser into abdication and exile; a republic was then declared. This second German Empire was largely the opposite of the Holy Roman, despite having the Kaiser as a similar imperial figurehead: a centralized and authoritarian state whi ch, after the dismissal of Bismarck in 1890, maintained an aggressive foreign policy. Bismarck was one of the geniuses of European history, in no small part because he knew when to stop. The Second Reich fell when it was ruled by people who didnt. The Third Reich: Nazi Germany (1933 - 1945) In 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the German State, which, at that point, had been a democracy. Dictatorial powers and sweeping changes soon followed, as democracy disappeared and the country militarized. The Third Reich was to have been a vastly extended German Empire, expunged of minorities and lasting for a thousand years, but it was removed in 1945 by a combined force of allied nations, which included Britain, France, Russia, and the US. The Nazi state proved to be dictatorial and expansionist, with goals of ethnic purity that formed a stark contrast to the first reichs broad assortment of peoples and places. A Complication When using the standard definition of the term, The Holy Roman, Kaiserreich, and Nazi states were certainly reichs, and you can see how they might have been tied together in the minds of 1930s Germans: from Charlemagne to the Kaiser to Hitler. But youd be right to also ask, how connected were they, really? Indeed, the phrase three reichs refers to something more than simply three empires. Specifically, it refers to the concept of three empires of German history. This might not seem a great distinction, but its a vital one when it comes to our understanding of modern Germany and what happened before and as that nation evolved. Three Reichs of German History? The history of modern Germany is often summarized as being three reichs and three democracies. This is broadly correct, as modern Germany did indeed evolve out of a series of three empires - as described above - interspersed with forms of democracy; however, this does not automatically make the institutions German. While The First Reich is a useful name for historians and students, applying it to the Holy Roman Empire is largely anachronistic. The imperial title and office of the Holy Roman Emperor drew, originally and in part, on the traditions of the Roman Empire, considering itself as an inheritor, not as the first. Indeed, it is highly debatable at what point, if ever, the Holy Roman Empire became a German body. Despite a near continuous core of land in northern central Europe, with a growing national identity, the reich extended into many of the modern surrounding territories, contained a mix of peoples, and was dominated for centuries by a dynasty of emperors commonly associated with Austria. To consider the Holy Roman Empire as solely German, rather than an institution within which there was a considerable German element, might be to lose some of this reichs character, nature, and importance. Conversely, the Kaiserreich was a German state - with an evolving German identity - that partly defined itself in relation to the Holy Roman Empire. The Nazi Reich was also built around one particular concept of being German; indeed, this latter reich certainly considered itself a descendant of the Holy Roman and German Empires, taking the title third, to follow them. Three Different Reichs The summaries given above may be very brief, but they are enough to show how these three empires were very different types of state; the temptation for historians has been to try and find some sort of linked progression from one to another. Comparisons between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kaiserreich began before this latter state was even formed. Historians and politicians of the mid 19th century theorized an ideal state, the Machtstaat, a centralized, authoritarian and militarized power state (Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, Macmillan, 1999). This was, in part, a reaction to what they considered weaknesses in the old, fragmented, empire. The Prussian-led unification was welcomed by some as the creation of this Machtstaat, a strong German empire which focused around a new emperor, the Kaiser. However, some historians began to project this unification back into both the 18th century and the Holy Roman Empire, finding a long history of Prussian intervention when Germans were threatene d. Different again were the actions of some scholars in the aftermath of the Second World War, when attempts to understand how the conflict occurred led to the three reichs being seen as an inevitable progression through increasingly authoritarian and militarized governments. Modern Use An understanding of the nature  and relationship of these three reichs is necessary for more than historical study. Despite a claim in the ​Chambers Dictionary of World History that The term [Reich] is no longer used (Dictionary of World History, ed. Lenman and Anderson, Chambers, 1993), politicians and others are fond of describing modern Germany, and even the European union, as a fourth Reich. They almost always use the term negatively, looking to the Nazis and the Kaiser rather than the Holy Roman Empire, which might be a far better analogy for the current EU. Clearly, there is room for many differing opinions on the three German reichs, and historical parallels are still being drawn with this term today.